In filmmaking, the Executive Producer is primarily the person who is responsible for the "all-compassing" financial and business necessities being met so that a film may be produced.
In short, the Executive Producer is the "money guy" and all that that may incorporate. They are present to make sure the money invested in the film used in the most prudent fashion. He or she may serve as a direct investor or as an agent of one, such as a studio.
Executive Producers have traditionally been notorious for "giving their two-cents worth" artistically when it is not requested. Such a clash is known as the "Ponytails" (creative) versus the "Suits" (business) and has caused major film productions to close down.
On the other hand, a good Executive Producer who knows his or her place on the food chain is most definitely asset. Aside from the Producer, they make the production happen. They feed the kitty, so to speak. And as "money men/women" they protect the investment from failure.
There are cases when creative types such as directors and/or actors directly invest in a film. In such a case, they will receive the moniker of Executive Producer. This case is ideal in that the actor or director just might have more to lose if the finances are mishandled.